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History


Patient History

The patient is a five year old male born four weeks premature. The child is currently afflicted with chronic developmental delay disorder, seizure disorder, and respiratory distress.

Exam


Physical Exam and Laboratory

General: mildly obese.

HEENT: Head abnormal; Eyes show microphthalmia

Neuro: suppressed gag reflexes with severe developmental delay
Extremities: No clubbing but abnormal feet

Relevant Labs:
CK: Low at 37 U/L

Caption


Axial :: MR - T2 weighted :: ACR Code: 1.5

Ventriculomegaly in Walker Warburg Syndrome

Axial T2 weighted FSE image shows significant ventriculomegaly indicative of hydrocephalus. There is a prominent cavum septum pellucidum which is likely not related.



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Findings


Summary of Findings

Image 1: Coronal T2 weighted image shows marked decreased gyral folds, a thin layer of gray matter, and ventriculomegaly leading to diagnosis of type 2 lissencephaly.

Image 2: Sagittal T2 weighted image shows dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, markedly underdeveloped cerebellar hemispheres, and an enlarged fourth ventricle and widened cerebral aqueduct indicative of hydrocephalus.

Image 3: Axial T2 weighted FSE image shows significant ventriculomegaly indicative of hydrocephalus.

Image 4: AP Femur image shows underdeveloped muscle fibers with irregularly bowed and radiolucent bone most prominent at the distal femur.

Diffferential


Differential Diagnosis

1)   Dandy Walker Syndrome
2)   Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy
3)   Trisomy 18
4)   Trisomy 13
5)   Meckel syndrome
6)   Fryns syndrome
7)   Viral infection
8)   Goldenhar syndrome
9)   Miller-Deiker syndrome
10)   Neu-Laxova syndrome

Diagnosis


Diagnosed by: Geneticist consult

Walker Warburg Syndrome




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Treatment


Treatment and Followup

The patient has been given seizure prophylaxis with Phenobarbital elixir and Topomax tablets and will be followed up every two weeks.

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Topic

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Topic: Walker Warburg Syndrome
Walker Warburg syndrome is a brain and eye congenital muscular dystrophy with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. It is characterized by type 2 lissencephaly, hydrocephalus, cerebellar dysfunction, and retinal dysplasia. The disease presents with general muscle hypotonia, mental retardation with subsequent developmental delay, intermittent seizures, occasional cataracts with microphthalmia. The disease is thought to manifest due to mutations of the Protein O MannosylTransferase 1 and 2 as well as the fukutin protein genes leading to hypoglycosylation of the alpha-dystroglycan, a transmembrane linking protein of the extracellular matrix. Lab results generally show elevated creatine kinase and altered alpha dystroglycan. Treatment is only supportive and preventative.
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Title: Ventriculomegaly in Walker Warburg Syndrome
Caption:
Axial T2 weighted FSE image shows significant ventriculomegaly indicative of hydrocephalus. There is a prominent cavum septum pellucidum which is likely not related.
Image Modality: MR - T2 weighted
Image Plane: Axial
Image/Caption Source: Dawn Light, MD, MPH
MedPix™ Caption 57088
Caption/Image Contributor: Vivek Yedavalli - Author Info :: Send Email
Affiliation: Childrens Hospital of Dayton, OH

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    Credits


    TF Case Contributor Credits
    Topic Author(s): 38724
    Submitted by: Vivek Yedavalli - Author Info
    Case/Image Editor: Dawn E Light - Editor Info

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