1. Incompatible with life. This one was living at the time of the x-ray.

2. Greatly enlarged foramen magnum.

3. Absent spines and laminae of cervical, dorsal and sometimes
lumbar vertebrae.

4. Vertebrae, especially cervical, reduced in number, irregularly
fused and abnormal shape.

5. Neck hyper-extended, face looks skyward.

6. Open part of skull is directed anteriorly against the posterior surface of the open spinal column, hence brain and much of cord occupy single cavity.

7. Spinal cord short and defective, brain often normal but there
may be dilated ventricles.

8. Skin of face presses directly over to chest, no neck.

9. Associated visceral abnormalities.